How to draw a human stomach with a pencil

General rules

A person is drawn quite simply, but novice sketchers need to know some features when constructing a sketch. I suggest you familiarize yourself with the rules that guide professional artists. They will also be useful for a beginner.

Before the letter you can see a number that indicates the degree of hardness. For example, 3B is three times softer than just B. For regular pencil sketches, it is recommended to use about

Now you know the basic rules, and you can start drawing.

Functions

The stomach, the structure and functions of which we are considering, receives food crushed and moistened with saliva (the so-called food bolus). At this stage, only the carbohydrates have been partially digested. The next stage of digestion is the mechanical and chemical processing of food by the stomach. Only after this will the final process of digestion occur, which takes place in the small intestine.

The functions of the stomach are divided into:

• digestive;
• indigestive.

In turn, digestive systems are divided into:

• motor (mechanical processing and sending food to the intestines);
• secretory (synthesis and secretion of juice components, subsequent chemical treatment).

Non-digestive functions of the stomach include:

• protective;
• excretory;
• endocrine;
• homeostatic.

We suggest taking a closer look at the digestive functions of the stomach.

Step 8. Draw the face.

In order for the parts of the face to be proportional and the person to be beautiful, you need to indicate future features with three parallel lines. Draw the eyes, smile and hairstyle.

Erase all the auxiliary lines and the person is ready!

How to draw a boy in 5 minutes

It is even easier for a child to learn to draw step by step than for an adult. I offer an easy way for beginners.

First, draw an oval, which in the future will become the head. Do not press too hard on the pencil.

Complete the rectangle by connecting it to the oval.

Then, below you need to add another rectangle. These are the boy's future pants:

Next, place the lines of the arms on the sides. Draw a line in the middle of the bottom rectangle as shown in the figure.

Draw the strokes of the upper part of the trousers, as well as the neck of the jacket.

Go back to the head, draw the hair. Then, mouth, nose and eyes.

Erase the guide lines and add some folds to the clothes. Ready!

The first time you most likely will not get the perfect drawing, but with practice the result will please you more and more. If you are interested in drawing, I suggest making money on this hobby. Here are courses where you can learn how to sketch:

→ Top 10 sketching courses

Thanks to this training, you will be able to reach a professional level and work on serious and large-scale projects. In just four months, you will learn how to make effective sketches, depict people and animals realistically, and draw incredible fantasy worlds on paper. A convenient learning format allows you to watch recorded video lectures at any time and anywhere. Students always have the opportunity to ask questions to teachers, and all graduates have a portfolio of completed work in their arsenal.

Gatekeeper

So, what is the structure of the stomach:

• entrance part;
• bottom (or arch);
• body;
• gateway part.

There are also two walls - front and back. The convex part of the stomach is the greater curvature (facing down and to the left), the concave part is the lesser curvature (facing up and to the right).

The gatekeeper part is the department where the gatekeeper is located. There you can highlight:

• cave (wide area);
• canal (narrow part that passes into the duodenum).

Thus, the pylorus is the border separating the intestines from the stomach. It is also important to know that the pylorus has a sphincter (circular muscle) and a valve that prevents mass from the intestines from flowing into the stomach during muscle contraction.

This department also has another name - prepyloric, since the pylorus in Latin is pylorus. Let us immediately note that active digestive work is not carried out in this department. This is where chyme is pushed into the intestine.

I. General provisions

Before drawing the human body, you first need to sketch out the main volumes. Use circles and lines to outline gestures and body position. Never start detailing details from the head and then gradually work your way down. It is necessary to work with the entire figure, moving from rough shape to small details. This will help you see your body proportions clearly and prevent mistakes before you spend too much time on details and end up unable to change anything else.

For clarity, the three stages of drawing a body are shown below:

Motor function

When we eat, the muscles of the fundus reflexively relax. But at the same time, we cannot observe complete relaxation of the walls of the organ; it acquires a volume that depends on the amount of food the person has eaten. In this case, there is no significant increase in pressure in the organ cavity.

Food can stay in the stomach from 3 to 10 hours, it all depends on the composition. The main focus is on the proximal part. Here the walls do not allow solid food to sink below.

Let us immediately distinguish three types of motility of a full stomach:

• peristaltic waves;
• systolic contractions of the pyloric region;
• topical contractions of the fundus and body of the stomach.

During all these processes, food is crushed and mixed with gastric juice. As mentioned earlier, this mushy mass is called chyme.

The regulation of organ contractions is controlled by neuro-reflex mechanisms, which are triggered at the moment when receptors in the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and intestines are irritated.

II. Human body proportions

The unit of measurement of the human body is the head. In Western art, men are typically 8 heads tall, while women are slightly smaller at 7.5 heads. In reality, the human structure is usually closer to 7 heads, not to mention other types of structure, because the proportions can be very different.

However, the 8-head model (shown in the picture) is very useful for beginners because it makes the basic parts easy to remember:

Female body structure:

Below are the main differences between the male and female proportional body.

Male body structure:

III A little reminder

Here are some drawings

, with which you can remember the proportions. Visualization will help you when you come to scaling joints and limbs.

The level of the knee is equal to the level of the elbow, and the level of the toes is equal to the level of the heel.

From shoulder to buttocks. The shoulder is level with the knee, fingers start from the level of the buttock.

Heels never protrude beyond the line of the buttocks.

The palm of the hand reaches to the shoulder.

When the arm is bent, the size of the palm is placed from the wrist to the crook of the arm.

When the arm is extended, the size of the foot fits from the wrist to the elbow.

Structure

Now let's describe the structure of the stomach. First, let's divide the entire organ into sections:

• cardiac (the department received this name due to the fact that it is close to the heart muscle; it is the entrance to the stomach);
• bottom;
• body;
• pylorus (this is the exit from the stomach, the section connecting the stomach and duodenum).

According to the external structure, the human stomach can be divided into:

• front wall;
• back wall;
• greater curvature;
• small curvature.

Let's look at the organ in cross-section. There are 4 layers here. More details about them can be found in the table below.

The structural features of the stomach and the functions of the organ are currently well studied, and the treatment of diseases associated with the stomach is not difficult for specialists. There is one caveat - the frequent use of strong drugs that can disrupt the microflora of the stomach and intestines, which can affect the human immune system.

IV. Muscles

Understanding muscle structure provides a huge advantage in creating the human body. Therefore, in this section we will look at some structures. And despite the fact that the description will be simplified, it will be sufficient for most drawings. Muscles or prominent bones will be shown as areas of different colors, the black outline being the line of muscle that is visible on the body. In order for you to understand better, the muscles in the examples are clearly expressed. Therefore, remember that this structure is found mainly in athletes, and in ordinary people the muscles are less pronounced. Also remember that women have more graceful and less bulky muscles than men.

Torso

Its position itself plays a large role in the behavior of the muscles on the arm, so I propose to consider different types. Notice how the muscles show up in different situations.

Straight arm, bent palm (inner side)

Relaxed (outer side)

Bent (outside)

Notice the alternation of the changing line of the hand.

Bent leg

When the leg stands straight, the bottom of the leg bends backward (side view) and outward (straight view).

VI. Body in profile

Drawing a silhouette in profile starts with the usual skeletal structure:

1. The shoulder joints are a little distant from the spine and are not at the same level with it, because the “line” of the shoulders is in the form of an arc.

View from above:

2. The center of gravity of the body is below the navel, inside the body. The body is most balanced when this point is on the balance line.

3. The hip joint is connected to the knee ankle line at a slight angle, so that the knees correspond to the center of gravity. If you look at the silhouette of the skeletal structure, there is an arc running from the head to the feet. However, such an arch is observed in upright people, and nowadays many people slouch.

5. The apex of the curve of the spine, which protrudes forward, is located between the shoulder blades.

Topography of the stomach

The stomach is located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity, under the diaphragm and liver. Three quarters of the stomach are located in the left hypochondrium, one quarter in the epigastric region. The entrance cardiac opening is located to the left of the bodies of the 10-11 thoracic vertebrae, the exit opening of the pylorus is at the right edge of the 12th thoracic or 1st lumbar vertebra. The longitudinal spine of the stomach is directed obliquely from top to bottom, from left to right and from back to front. The anterior surface of the stomach in the area of ​​the cardiac part, fundus and body of the stomach is in contact with the diaphragm, in the area of ​​the lesser curvature - with the visceral surface of the left lobe of the liver. A small triangular-shaped section of the body of the stomach is adjacent directly to the anterior abdominal wall. Behind the stomach there is a slit-like space of the peritoneal cavity - the omental bursa, which separates it from the organs lying on the posterior abdominal wall and located retroperitoneally. The posterior surface of the stomach in the area of ​​the greater curvature of the stomach is adjacent to the transverse colon and its mesentery, in the upper left part of this curvature (the fundus of the stomach) - to the spleen. Behind the body of the stomach, the upper pole of the left kidney and the left adrenal gland, as well as the pancreas, are located in the abdominal cavity.

The relative stability of the position of the stomach is ensured by the low mobility of its inlet and partly its outlet and the presence of peritoneal ligaments.

Two leaves (duplicate) of the peritoneum - the hepatogastric ligament - approach the lesser curvature of the stomach from the gate of the liver, from the greater curvature from below, two leaves of the peritoneum - the gastrocolic ligament - also extend to the transverse colon, from the beginning of the greater curvature and the left part of the fundus of the stomach there is a duplication of the peritoneum goes to the left to the gate of the spleen in the form of a gastrosplenic ligament.