Chronic tubo-otitis: causes, symptoms, medical care

Jejunitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the jejunum, characterized by disruption of the digestive functions of this part of the intestine, symptoms of intoxication and some other signs. Rarely occurs in isolation, in almost all cases it is combined with inflammation of nearby parts of the digestive system - duodenum, ileum, colon, stomach. The disease does not have pathognomonic (specific to it) diagnostic signs, so it is extremely difficult to distinguish it from other diseases of this localization.

You will learn about the causes of jeunitis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic principles and treatment tactics for this pathology in our article. But in order to understand what we are talking about and what these or other changes are associated with, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the basics of anatomy and physiology of the jejunum.

Total information

Inflammatory damage to the mucous membrane of the jejunum rarely manifests itself as a separate pathology. Often, jejunitis is associated with other pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract and in some cases, due to their symptoms, may go unnoticed. Difficulties in diagnosing jejunitis are one of the problems in treating patients suffering from this disease. Because of this, the patient is often mistakenly diagnosed with lactase deficiency (lack of the enzyme lactase, which digests milk sugar (lactose)) or celiac disease (congenital intolerance to the gluten protein contained in cereals - wheat, rye, barley). The result is improper treatment, progression of the inflammatory process in the mucous membrane of the jejunum and the occurrence of complications.

Together with the jejunum, the following are most often involved in the process:

• stomach;
• duodenum;
• ileum.

Enteritis chronic

Signs

If pain occurs, and this does not always happen with chronic enteritis, then it is usually dull, sometimes spastic in nature.
The pain is concentrated around the navel, where strong pressure on the abdomen causes tenderness. Signs of chronic enteritis are typical dyspeptic disorders: a feeling of pressure, fullness and bloating, especially after eating, nausea, rumbling, transfusion, surges in the abdomen. These phenomena occur due to impaired digestion of food in the intestine, acceleration of their passage through the small intestine, as well as impaired absorption in the intestine. Sometimes with severe enteritis, weakness and dizziness occur soon after eating.

The stool is very frequent (up to 15-20 times a day), mushy, containing undigested pieces of food, often foul-smelling, with gas bubbles, but without visible mucus, this is the so-called enteritis coprological syndrome. Polyfecality is typical: the total amount of feces per day can reach 1.5-2 kg. Sometimes there is a strong urge to defecate after eating, and after defecation there is sudden weakness, accompanied by cold sweat and trembling of the hands (this is jejunal diarrhea). After milk, diarrhea and flatulence intensify.

In mild cases of enteritis and in the absence of concomitant colitis, there may be no diarrhea, and even, on the contrary, constipation occurs. Often, stool is yellowish (golden) in color due to the presence of unreduced bilirubin and a large amount of fat, which also gives the stool a clayey appearance.

With enteritis, a gradual decrease in the patient’s body weight, general weakness, malaise, and decreased performance associated with insufficient absorption are possible.

Signs of hypovitaminosis may appear: dry skin, stomatitis, hair loss, brittle nails, polyneuritis. With severe deficiency of vitamin A, twilight vision is impaired, with deficiency of vitamin B1 - a crawling sensation, burning and tingling of the skin, coldness of the extremities, weakness in the legs (polyneuritis). With vitamin B2 deficiency - angular stomatitis, cheilitis, a kind of dermatitis of the facial skin (nose wings, nasolabial folds, ears), redness and soreness of the lips and tongue. With a deficiency of nicotinic acid, glossitis develops with a disorder of taste and tingling of the tongue, redness of the tongue (raspberry tongue), while the tongue is swollen, with atrophy of the papillae, the presence of erosions and cracks, there may be pigmentation of open areas of the skin - hands, face and neck, involuntary muscle twitching, bone pain. Some develop iron deficiency anemia.

Patients with severe enteritis develop exhaustion, osteoporosis, hypoproteinemia with edema, and functional failure of the endocrine glands.

Description

Chronic enteritis can be caused by pathology of the digestive organs - gastritis with reduced gastric secretion, previous gastrectomy, gastrectomy (complete removal of the stomach), pancreatitis, peptic ulcer, colitis, untreated dysbacteriosis, etc. Among the causes of the disease are autointoxication (uremia, gout and etc.), infection with helminths (ascariasis, diphyllobothriasis, trichinosis) and protozoa (giardia), prolonged venous stagnation in the intestines (heart failure, portal hypertension).

Sometimes chronic enteritis develops after acute enteritis of the small intestine, with various intestinal infections (such as dysentery bacillus, staphylococci, salmonella, yersinia, campylobacter, rotavirus infections), parasitic diseases (giardia, helminths, etc.). In this case, chronic enteritis is considered as a post-infectious process in which inflammatory changes in the small intestine continue, despite the elimination of the causative agent of acute infection.

In addition, the development of chronic enteritis can be blamed on systematic irregular nutrition, depleted in proteins and vitamins, predominantly carbohydrate or even insufficient nutrition, dry snacks, and insufficient chewing of food.

Exacerbation of chronic enteritis is caused by:

• systematic violations of the eating pattern, abuse of spicy foods and spicy seasonings
• alcoholism, drinking strong and low-quality alcoholic drinks
• industrial intoxication due to violations of safety regulations and chronic poisoning with compounds of lead, mercury, phosphorus, arsenic, etc.
• household intoxications, in particular medicinal (with abuse of saline laxatives, long-term uncontrolled use of broad-spectrum antibiotics that can cause intestinal dysbiosis, etc.) and endogenous (with uremia)
• food allergy
• parasitic infestations (giardiasis, etc.), some intestinal helminthiasis
• radiation injuries (industrial due to violation of safety regulations and as a result of radiation treatment of malignant neoplasms of the abdomen)
• “accompanying” enteritis with long-term gastritis with secretory gastric insufficiency, chronic pancreatitis, colitis.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis is made after a detailed interview with the patient and a comprehensive examination. It includes general and biochemical blood tests, scatological and bacteriological examinations of feces, ultrasound of the liver, biliary tract, pancreas, endoscopic methods for examining the intestines (sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy) with targeted biopsy. If necessary, an x-ray examination is prescribed.

In the differential diagnosis, first of all, it is necessary to exclude nutritional dyspepsia that occurs against the background of systematic poor nutrition (fermentation, putrefactive, fatty). In these cases, special studies do not show disturbances in the absorption processes of the intestinal wall, aspiration biopsy does not reveal inflammatory changes in the intestinal mucosa, and transferring the patient to a balanced diet without additional therapeutic measures usually quickly eliminates pathological symptoms and normalizes intestinal function. It is necessary to carry out a differential diagnosis with other intestinal diseases: colitis, nonspecific ulcerative colitis, small intestinal tuberculosis, Crohn's disease, amyloidosis, lymphoma and primary immunodeficiencies, mesadenitis, celiac disease, sprue... It is also necessary to exclude diseases in which intestinal dysfunction is secondary. These are endocrine diseases - thyrotoxicosis, Simmonds' disease, Addison's disease, diabetes mellitus, hormonally active tumors, diseases of the stomach, liver and pancreas, accompanied by impaired digestion of nutrients, ischemic abdominal syndrome.

Treatment

Today, due to the proven danger of dysbiosis, broad-spectrum antibiotics are not often used for chronic enteritis. Typically, the patient is prescribed probiotics and antimicrobial agents, and digestive enzyme preparations.

During the period of exacerbation of the disease, especially accompanied by diarrhea, astringents and enveloping agents help (basic bismuth nitrate, decoctions of rhizomes or roots of the serpentine, burnet, cinquefoil or infusions of tansy flowers, St. John's wort, alder cones, etc.). Physiotherapy helps with enteritis.

Lifestyle

Enteritis occurs in waves. Periods of exacerbation are followed by remission. But, unfortunately, complete disappearance of symptoms is very rare, even with proper treatment and a strictly followed diet.

During illness, one of the important components of the course of treatment is diet. Its task is to improve regenerative processes in the mucous membrane of the small intestine and normalize its functions, eliminate metabolic disorders and deficiencies of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, eliminate fermentation and putrefactive processes in the small intestine, and improve the general condition of the body.

Diet therapy depends on the period, severity and characteristics of the disease, and the general condition of the gastrointestinal tract. During an exacerbation, it is important to briefly relieve the small intestine, and to do this, limit the energy value of food, which should minimally irritate the mucous membrane and at the same time have an enveloping and strengthening effect.

To do this, you immediately need to start drinking blueberry jelly, hot rose hip, black currant infusion, rice or oatmeal infusion.

Then you can and should expand your diet, including proteins, and limiting fats and carbohydrates. Fat must be limited due to diarrhea, and carbohydrates due to fermentation processes in the intestines (no more than 150-200 g per day). Protein restores the mucous membrane of the small intestine, reduces neuromuscular excitation and, in addition, is necessary for the synthesis of many enzymes and hormones. But with chronic enteritis, protein absorption is impaired, and it is even released from the blood into the intestinal lumen (exudative enteropathy). That is why it is necessary to introduce sufficient and even increased amounts of protein with food. Salt intake should be limited to 8 g per day. Food needs to be boiled or steamed, eaten pureed or chopped.

But the disadvantage of such a diet is its low energy value. You can only exist on it if you are on bed rest. Therefore, we need to expand it and switch to more nutritious nutrition. However, even during the period of remission, you should be wary of any raw vegetables and fruits, legumes, nuts, raisins, milk, spices, fried foods, rye bread, pastry products, canned foods, spicy and salty dishes and seasonings, carbonated drinks , fatty meats and fish, cold dishes and drinks, kvass, beet juice and alcohol.

It is useful for those suffering from chronic enteritis to spend their holidays in specialized sanatoriums and resorts.

Prevention

Prevention consists of proper and timely nutrition, as well as timely treatment of acute and subacute enteritis. It is advisable to avoid heavy physical activity, including those associated with professional activities, to avoid neuropsychic stress, work associated with overheating or hypothermia and occupational hazards.

© Dr. Peter

Causes and mechanisms of development

There are many reasons that provoke inflammatory damage to the jejunal mucosa. The peculiarity is that some causes cause acute inflammation of the mucous membrane, while others cause chronic inflammation. Based on this criterion, the factors that provoke jeunitis were systematized into two groups.

Acute inflammation occurs due to the introduction of an infectious agent into the mucous membrane of the jejunum. These are mainly pathogens such as:

• salmonella;
• Vibrio cholerae;
• paratyphoid pathogens

and others.

Also, a provocative factor in the occurrence of acute jeunitis can be:

• pronounced desensitization (increased sensitivity of the body) and, as a result, an allergic reaction to a foreign agent;
• some food products - mushrooms, jam with seeds, spices and hot seasonings, as well as alcoholic drinks.

Please note
One form of jeunitis is the so-called Whipple's disease. This is an infectious lesion of the mucous membrane of the jejunum, accompanied by fatty degeneration (replacement of cells with adipose tissue).

Several mechanisms play a role in the development of chronic inflammation of the jejunal mucosa:

• nutritional (food);
• toxic;
• thermal;
• immune;
• radiation.

In chronic jejunitis, pathological microorganisms are also found in the mucous membrane and lumen of the jejunum. But it turned out that they are not the impetus for the occurrence of the inflammatory process, but begin to act destructively on the mucous membrane of the jejunum only when exposed to additional factors that damage the mucous membrane of the jejunum. Meaning:

• food poisoning;
• toxic effects;
• action of high temperatures;
• impaired immunity;
• ionizing radiation.

The toxic factors that most often provoke jeunitis are poisoning with lead or phosphorus compounds.

Whipple's disease occurs due to damage to the immune system, but the provoking factor (a kind of “trigger”) is bacteria. The disease develops as follows. The irritating factor affects the mucous membrane that lines the jejunum. Because of this, its enzymatic activity is disrupted. As a result, the nutrients that enter the intestine are not absorbed - chemical compounds formed during the preliminary breakdown of food.

note

Nutrients actively bind water molecules, resulting in fluid accumulation in the lumen of the jejunum and, as a result, intraintestinal pressure increases.

Jejunitis is a classic inflammation. The mucous membrane of the jejunum and, in particular, its villi are affected, due to the insufficiency of which the digestion process is disrupted . A role is also played by the fact that food breakdown products accumulate in the intestinal lumen, which begin to ferment and, being absorbed into the blood, provoke poisoning of the body.

Important

Due to the difference in causative factors and mechanisms of occurrence, the symptoms and course of acute and chronic jeunitis differ.

Jejunum: what is it and why is it needed?

The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine, located above and to the left of the navel.
Any person knows that the food he eats first passes through the esophagus into the stomach, and from there into the intestines. But not everyone knows that the intestine consists of 2 large parts - the small and large intestine, each of which includes several more sections. Thus, the small intestine consists of the duodenum (it is where the stomach passes), the jejunum (the middle part) and the ileum, after which the large intestine begins.

So, the jejunum is located in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity, covered with peritoneum, and has a mesentery. It is separated from the duodenum by the so-called fold of Treitz, and no anatomical formation separates it from the ileum - there is no clear boundary between them. The jejunum has a smaller diameter than the ileum and a relatively thin wall. Its loops are localized to the left of the navel.

The jejunum looks like a hollow flexible tube 0.9-1.8 m long, the wall of which is represented by 5 layers:

• From the inside it is covered with a mucous membrane with protrusions - villi and microvilli, and also has depressions - crypts (glands). In addition, the mucous membrane contains single accumulations of lymphoid tissue - follicles.
• Below the mucosa is the submucosa. It contains many glands that produce intestinal juice and mucus.
• Next is the muscular layer, which is represented by two layers of smooth muscle cells - the outer longitudinal and the inner circular, and between them pass blood vessels and nerve fibers. By contracting, this layer carries out pendulum-like and peristaltic movements of the intestine, ensuring the passage of food masses through it.
• The serous membrane covers the outside of the intestine and forms the mesentery. Performs a protective function.

Partially digested food entering the jejunum from the upper sections is exposed to many different enzymes and is finally broken down into elementary components, which are then absorbed into the blood and lymphatic capillaries, that is, absorbed by the body. Having been digested in the small intestine, food moves through the peristaltic movements of its muscular wall into the ileum and beyond.

Normally, the jejunum is sterile, that is, it does not contain any microorganisms, including beneficial ones, which we call microflora.

Diagnostics

The signs of jeunitis are quite pronounced. But the problem of diagnosis is that it often occurs against the background of other diseases, so doctors may not suspect an inflammatory lesion of the jejunal mucosa. Therefore, in addition to asking the patient about complaints, it is necessary to study the medical history and conduct additional research - physical (examination, palpation, tapping and listening to the abdomen with a phonendoscope), instrumental and laboratory.

Important

One hundred percent confirmation of jeunitis can be obtained only after a histological examination of sections of the intestine - only thanks to this it is possible to 100% exclude diseases similar in their course to jeunitis (for example, enzymopathies - diseases due to impaired activity of food enzymes, accompanied by fermentation in the intestines).

If “fresh” acute jejunitis is diagnosed, the patient’s general appearance may not be affected. Sometimes there is pallor of the skin and visible mucous membranes.

With a chronic ongoing course, noticeable:

• general emaciation and exhaustion of the patient;
• sagging skin;
• coating of the tongue with a white coating;
• sometimes - trembling of the hands.

When palpating the abdomen, it is determined to be painful in the upper sections, but the abdomen is soft. The skin of the abdomen is inelastic and flabby to the touch, the same is revealed if you feel the skin of other parts of the body.

The following signs are characteristic when palpating:

• Porges symptom – severe pain when pressing on the anterior abdominal wall above the navel on the left;
• Sternberg's symptom - severe pain on deep palpation above the navel (when pressing on the mesentery of the organ - the connective tissue film that attaches the jejunum from the inside in the anterior abdominal wall).

Tapping the abdomen does not reveal any special signs, but auscultation during flatulence may weaken bowel sounds with sharp spasmodic “bursts” (loud rumbling).

Since jeunitis is difficult to diagnose, it is necessary to use all possible non-physical examination methods to clarify the picture.

The instrumental methods used in the diagnosis of jejunitis are as follows:

• 
  esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EFGDS) - using an endoscope (probe with built-in optics) to study the mucous membrane of the jejunum. EGDS is partially informative, since the technical capabilities allow the probe to be inserted only into the initial parts of the jejunum. With jejunitis, multiple areas of inflammation are detected during EGD;

• passage of barium to the small intestine - the patient drinks a portion of barium suspension, then using radiography, the passage of barium through the small intestine is studied. When jejunitis, the passage of barium through the jejunum is accelerated.

They also conduct a series of examinations that will not demonstrate changes in the jejunum, but can identify disorders in other organs similar to manifestations of jeunitis. This is important for distinguishing jeunitis from other diseases. In particular, they apply:

• plain radiography of the abdominal organs;
• computed tomography (CT);
• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI);
• Ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs (ultrasound)

and other methods.

Laboratory research methods that are used in the diagnosis of jeunitis are:

• 
  general blood test - there is a slight increase in the number of leukocytes and ESR. These indicators are closely related to the intensity of the process: the stronger the inflammation, the greater the number and higher the ESR;

• bacterioscopic analysis - it is carried out to identify the pathogen that caused the inflammatory process in the jejunal mucosa. To do this, the patient’s vomit or feces are examined under a microscope;
• bacteriological analysis - if the manifestations of the disease are not too pronounced, and doctors have time for a more thorough diagnosis without compromising the patient’s condition, the intestinal contents are cultured on nutrient media, and the pathogen is determined from the grown colonies;
• immunological study – necessary to assess the level of immunity that is involved in the body’s fight against jeunitis. This is the fight against infectious pathogens and allergic manifestations;
• examination of a biopsy specimen of the jejunal mucosa is the final diagnostic method for jejunitis. When studying the material, signs of inflammation, a decrease in the length of the villi and tissue swelling are determined.

In addition to instrumental and laboratory research methods, consultation with an infectious disease specialist will be required to rule out acute food poisoning.

Symptoms

Jejunitis is always accompanied by diarrhea, and the frequency of stools often reaches 15 times a day.
Acute jeunitis is characterized by the following manifestations:

• diarrhea (this is the leading symptom, the frequency of bowel movements can reach 10-15 times a day or more);
• pain in the abdominal area (above and to the left of the navel);
• loss of appetite up to complete absence;
• nausea and vomiting;
• general weakness.

Patients can lose large amounts of fluid through vomit and feces. If there is no sufficient supply from the outside (through drinking or intravenous infusion), dehydration of the body develops, which is manifested by dry skin and visible mucous membranes, decreased tissue turgor, convulsions, and confusion. A severe complication of this condition is DIC syndrome.

With an exacerbation of chronic jeunitis, the patient is bothered by frequent bowel movements (up to 5 times a day). He also pays attention to a large amount of feces (in medicine this is called polyfecal matter), a violation of their normal consistency (they look like mush) and color (a green tint - due to the high bilirubin content), and foaminess. They can be greasy - as if they stick to the walls of the toilet (a sign of the presence of undigested fats). In addition, patients are bothered by aching, low-intensity or moderate-intensity pain in the umbilical region, more on the left, bloating and rumbling in the abdomen. All these changes in stool indicate a disruption in the processes of parietal and cavity digestion in the jejunum. Malabsorption syndrome develops.

The general condition of the patient is disturbed - undigested food remains poison the body, intoxication occurs. The patient feels weakness, headache, dizziness, and gets tired quickly. It is possible to increase body temperature to subfebrile levels (no more than 37.5 ° C).

During the period of remission of the disease, its manifestations are minimal, although some digestive disorders may occur (bloating, frequent stools), which worsen after errors in nutrition.

Treatment

Often, treatment begins before a comprehensive examination of the patient is completed. This is explained as follows:

• due to severe dehydration of the body, it should be flooded as early as possible, regardless of the diagnosis;
• treatment for jejunitis is similar to treatment for gastritis, so the doctor will not make a mistake with the prescriptions even before the final diagnosis;
• In 70% of cases, jeunitis and gastritis occur simultaneously, which is why early appointments are advisable if gastritis is diagnosed, and jeunitis is only suspected and examination of the patient continues.

Important

If there are signs of acute or exacerbation of chronic jeunitis, the patient is hospitalized in the infectious diseases department, since in some cases the disease is similar to acute food poisoning. The chronic form of the disease can be treated at home.

Jejunitis is treated with conservative methods. The therapy is based on the following purposes:

• 
  semi-bed rest (as much as frequent diarrhea allows);

• diet;
• massive infusion therapy;
• antibiotic therapy;
• enterosorbents;
• antispasmodics;
• probiotics;
• prebiotics;
• enzyme preparations;
• desensitizing drugs;
• vitamin therapy.

The basis of therapy is the rapid replenishment of fluid and nutrient losses. It can also be carried out by the enteral route - the patient must drink a lot of fluid (on average 1.5 times more than he loses).

But in practice, the use of this technique is often impossible due to severe vomiting in the patient. Therefore, massive infusion therapy is carried out - intravenous drip administration of drugs such as:

• preparations of protein and protein fractions;
• saline solutions and electrolytes;
• glucose;
• blood serum.

In case of severe vomiting, fasting is recommended. As soon as the acute manifestations (in particular, dyspeptic symptoms - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) subside, the patient can eat. The basis of the diet:

• fractional frequent meals with small portions;
• food should be liquid or crushed, warm, high in calories and with a sufficient amount of vitamins;
• food should not contain foods that are difficult to digest and irritate the intestines - spices, fats, fiber, and so on.

Antibiotics are prescribed to which microorganisms identified during bacteriological examination are sensitive.

Enterosorbents are prescribed to stop fermentation processes in the intestines and eliminate intoxication

Antispasmodics are used for severe pain.

Probiotics are a suspension of normal microflora. Prebiotics are drugs that stimulate the development of one’s own microflora. Both drugs, as well as enzymatic agents, are prescribed to improve digestion.

Treatment tactics

To compensate for the deficiency in the volume of blood circulating in the vessels, to prevent or eliminate dehydration, fluid is infused through intravenous infusions.
Treatment of jejunitis depends on its form.

Acute jeunitis is subject to treatment in the infectious diseases inpatient department. The patient may be prescribed:

• antibacterial drugs (as a rule, without waiting for culture results - broad-spectrum - fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins and others);
• enterosorbents (Enterosgel, Sorbex, Polyphepan and others) - to reduce the symptoms of intoxication;
• myotropic antispasmodics (mebeverine (Meverin, Duspatalin), otilonium bromide (Spasmomen));
• drugs that normalize intestinal microflora (probiotics (Bifiform, Enterozermina and others));
• drinking (oral) solutions for rehydration (Regidron);
• intravenous infusions of solutions (isotonic (0.9%) sodium chloride, Reamberin and others) - with severe dehydration of the body.

Patients are recommended to eat a gentle, light, well-digestible diet, without smoked, salted, hot, spicy foods, extractive substances, or alcohol.

Chronic jejunitis in the acute stage is subject to treatment on an outpatient basis or in a therapeutic hospital. The principles of therapy are the same.

Prevention

In order not to provoke the development of eunitis, it is enough to adhere to fairly simple rules:

• 
  maintain a diet;

• adhere to the rules of sanitation and hygiene - in particular, thoroughly wash vegetables and fruits before eating them, follow the rules of heat treatment of products;
• do not eat spicy, rough and fibrous foods;
• do not ignore liquid warm dishes (soups);
• Be wary of foods that may provoke jejunitis - mushrooms, jam with seeds, etc., as well as alcohol.

If a chronic process has developed, then vigilance must be doubled so as not to provoke an exacerbation of the process.

Etiology

The acute form of the disease can develop due to the following etiological factors:

• allergic reaction to certain foods or medications;
• unhealthy diet - the diet is dominated by fatty, heavy foods, foods high in fiber and cholesterol;
• excessive alcohol consumption;
• infectious diseases;
• Whipple's disease;
• frequent food poisoning.

Chronic jeunitis develops due to prolonged exposure to negative factors on the human body, which include:

• long-term use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, chemotherapy drugs;
• work under conditions of constant exposure to toxic substances;
• consequence of ionizing radiation.

Also, predisposing factors for the development of this form of the disease include the presence of other gastroenterological pathologies in a chronic form.

Forecast

Despite the pronounced clinical picture, jejunitis responds well to treatment . Therefore, if treatment is started in advance (especially replenishment of fluid losses), the prognosis is favorable. Deterioration in nutrient absorption rarely develops at a moderate level.

Kovtonyuk Oksana Vladimirovna, medical observer, surgeon, consultant doctor

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Life prognosis and prevention

The prognosis for life with jejunitis is favorable; severe malabsorption disorders develop extremely rarely.

Prevention measures boil down to dietary correction, avoidance of alcohol, rational use of medications, timely diagnosis and treatment of concomitant diseases.

In continuation of the topic, be sure to read:

1. Large duodenal (Vater) papilla: location, functions and diseases of the structure
2. Rectal fissure: causes, symptoms and treatment of pathology
3. More about hemorrhoids: causes, symptoms and treatment methods
4. Irritable bowel syndrome: symptoms and treatments
5. Causes of bloating and increased gas formation, treatment methods
6. Details about bowel cancer: stages, symptoms, treatment and prognosis
7. Sigmoiditis (inflammation of the sigmoid colon): symptoms and treatment methods
8. Duodenal erosion: symptoms, treatment and prognosis for life
9. Rectal cancer: symptoms, stages, treatment and prognosis for life
10. Short bowel syndrome in a child: treatment and prognosis for life

Eunit

Jejunitis is a pathological condition characterized by an inflammatory process in the jejunum with damage to the villous apparatus and disruption of the digestive functions of this part of the intestine. It is quite rare as an independent disease, usually combined with inflammation of other parts of the intestine (duodenitis, ileitis). The histological picture of this pathology is characterized by swelling and shortening of the villi, smoothness of the epithelial cells and their subsequent atrophy against the background of moderate signs of inflammation. In clinical gastroenterology, making a diagnosis of “jejunitis” is very difficult, since there are no significant diagnostic signs to distinguish this disease from intestinal enzymopathies (lactase deficiency, celiac disease). This is why diagnostic errors often occur.

Symptoms

In this case, the chronic and acute forms of the disease may have their own specific symptoms, which complement the general clinical picture of this gastroenterological pathology. Common symptoms include:

• a feeling of pain and discomfort in the abdominal area, discomfort may intensify after eating;
• signs of general intoxication of the body;
• loose stool.

Since such a clinical picture is almost identical to ordinary food poisoning, in most cases patients do not seek medical help in a timely manner, and adequate treatment of the pathology does not begin in a timely manner.

The acute form of jejunitis is manifested by the following symptoms:

• intense pain in the abdomen, which can be present even at rest;
• feeling of constant thirst;
• dry skin;
• decreased turgor;
• nausea, sometimes with vomiting;
• bouts of diarrhea;
• increased body temperature;
• weakness, increased fatigue for no apparent reason.

In some cases, against the background of dehydration, vascular insufficiency may develop.

The chronic form of the disease is characterized by the following symptoms:

• flatulence;
• rumbling in the stomach;
• cramping, dull pain in the abdomen;
• bouts of diarrhea;
• symptoms of dysbacteriosis.

If you have the above clinical manifestations, you should consult a doctor and not self-medicate. Otherwise, not only complications may develop, but also the transition of the acute form of the disease to chronic, which complicates treatment.